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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
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4 <head>
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5 <title>SliTaz Handbook (en) - Commands</title>
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6 <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
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7 <meta name="description" content="slitaz English handbook" />
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8 <meta name="expires" content="never" />
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MikeDSmith25@117
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9 <meta name="modified" content="2008-07-16 22:00:00" />
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10 <meta name="publisher" content="www.slitaz.org" />
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11 <meta name="author" content="Christophe Lincoln"/>
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12 <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" />
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13 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="book.css" />
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14 </head>
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15 <body bgcolor="#ffffff">
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16
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17 <!-- Header and quick navigation -->
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18 <div id="header">
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19 <div align="right" id="quicknav">
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20 <a name="top"></a>
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21 <a href="install.html">Installation</a> |
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22 <a href="index.html">Table of contents</a>
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23 </div>
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paul@95
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24 <h1><font color="#3E1220">SliTaz Handbook (en)</font></h1>
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25 </div>
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26
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27 <!-- Content. -->
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28 <div id="content">
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29 <div class="content-right"></div>
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30
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paul@95
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31 <h2><font color="#DF8F06">Command Line Reference (<em>cmdline</em>)</font></h2>
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32
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33 <ul>
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34 <li><a href="cmdline.html#intro">Introduction to the commands.</a></li>
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35 <li><a href="cmdline.html#help">Help and list available commands.</a></li>
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36 <li><a href="cmdline.html#ls">List the files in a directory.</a></li>
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37 <li><a href="cmdline.html#cd">Moving around directories.</a></li>
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38 <li><a href="cmdline.html#cp">Copy files.</a></li>
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39 <li><a href="cmdline.html#mkdir">Create a new directory.</a></li>
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40 <li><a href="cmdline.html#rm">Remove files or directories.</a></li>
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41 <li><a href="cmdline.html#read">View the files.</a></li>
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42 <li><a href="cmdline.html#edit">Edit files in ncurses mode.</a></li>
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43 <li><a href="cmdline.html#cat">Cat</a> - Edit a line of commands.</li>
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44 <li><a href="cmdline.html#web-nav">Navigate the web.</a></li>
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45 <li><a href="cmdline.html#irc-chat">Chat on IRC channels.</a></li>
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46 <li><a href="cmdline.html#wget">Download files.</a></li>
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47 <li><a href="cmdline.html#partitions">List the available partitions.</a></li>
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48 <li><a href="cmdline.html#mount">Mount a partition, cdrom or USB key.</a></li>
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49 <li><a href="cmdline.html#halt">Halt the system or Reboot.</a></li>
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50 </ul>
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51
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52 <a name="intro"></a>
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53 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Introduction to the commands</font></h3>
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54 <p>
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55 This document is intended as a quick reference for using commands on SliTaz via
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56 a Linux terminal or a graphical terminal (xterm). There are many GNU/Linux commands
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57 for file handling, system maintenance or network management. You can also browse
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58 the web, chat on IRC, download files, edit scripts or even play games in text mode.
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59 Note it is necessary to operate as <em>root</em> to assemble the hard drive or cdrom.
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60 You can use the command <code>su</code> to become system administrator.
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61 </p>
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62 <a name="help"></a>
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63 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Help and list available commands</font></h3>
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64 <p>
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65 Most GNU/Linux system commands have an option for providing information on
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66 their use. For support on the use of a command, it is necessary to type the
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67 command followed by the <code>--help</code> option. Example using the
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68 <code>cp</code> command to copy files:
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69 </p>
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70 <pre>
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71 $ cp --help
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72 </pre>
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73 <p>
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74 To list all the commands available on the system, you can simply press the
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75 Tab button on the left of the keyboard twice. For commands provided by the
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76 Busybox utility you can type <code>busybox --help</code>.
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77 </p>
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78
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79 <a name="ls"></a>
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80 <h3><font color="#6c0023">List the files in a directory</font></h3>
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81 <p>
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82 To list the files and folders contained in a directory, you can use the
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83 <code>ls</code> command. For all options remember to use the <code>--help</code>
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84 flag. To simply list the files in the current directory:
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85 </p>
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86 <pre>
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87 $ ls
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88 </pre>
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89 <p>
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90 List all the files using the <code>-al</code> option:
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91 </p>
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92 <pre>
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93 $ ls -al
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94 </pre>
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paul@95
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95 <p>
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96 List a directory:
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97 </p>
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98 <pre>
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99 $ ls /home/slitaz
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100 </pre>
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101
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102 <a name="cd"></a>
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103 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Moving around directories</font></h3>
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104 <p>
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105 To browse to the files, you can use the <code>cd</code> command:
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106 </p>
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107 <pre>
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108 $ cd /usr/share/doc
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109 Back to the parent directory:
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110 $ cd ..
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111 </pre>
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112 <p>
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113 To go into the directory of the user (root = /root):
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114 </p>
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115 <pre>
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116 $ cd
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117 Or :
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118 $ cd ~
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119 Or :
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120 $ cd $HOME
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121 </pre>
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122
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123 <a name="cp"></a>
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124 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Copy files</font></h3>
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125 <p>
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126 The <code>cp</code> command copies files or folders. The example copies the
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127 info.txt file in the current directory into the Documents directory:
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128 </p>
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129 <pre>
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130 $ cp info.txt Documents/
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131 </pre>
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132 <p>
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133 Copy a whole directory. Here the command copies the Templates directory
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134 into /home/hacker:
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135 </p>
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136 <pre>
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137 $ cp -a Templates /home/hacker
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138 </pre>
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139
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140 <a name="mkdir"></a>
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141 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Create a new directory</font></h3>
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142 <p>
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143 This command will create a new directory. The following command creates a
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144 directory called Projects. It will be created in the directory /home of the
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145 current user or in the directory which one is in. Note you can display
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146 your current working directory with the <code>pwd</code> command:
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147 </p>
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148 <pre>
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149 $ mkdir Projects
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150 </pre>
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151 <p>
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152 Creation of a directory named script-1.0 in the Projects folder:
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153 </p>
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154 <pre>
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155 $ mkdir Projects/script-1.0
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156 </pre>
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157 <p>
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158 You can also create a directory tree with the <code>-p</code> parents option:
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159 </p>
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160 <pre>
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161 $ mkdir -p one/two/three/four
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162 </pre>
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163
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164 <a name="rm"></a>
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165 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Delete files or directories</font></h3>
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166 <p>
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167 The command <code>rm</code> lets you delete a file. Let's remove the
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168 file work.txt which is in the current directory:
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169 </p>
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170 <pre>
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171 $ rm work.txt
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172 </pre>
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173 <p>
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174 The command <code>rm</code> has several options. To delete a directory and
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175 its contents, we use the <code>-rf</code> option.
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176 Example:
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177 </p>
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178 <pre>
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179 $ rm -rf /home/hacker/Templates
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180 </pre>
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181 <p>
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182 Note you can also use the <code>-i</code> option to remove files or directories and their contents interactively:
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183 </p>
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184 <pre>
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185 $ rm -ir /home/hacker/Templates
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186 </pre>
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187
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188 <a name="read"></a>
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189 <h3><font color="#6c0023">View files</font></h3>
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190 <p>
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191 To read the contents of a file or script, you can use the
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192 <code>less</code>, <code>more</code> or <code>cat</code> commands, or the web
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193 browser Retawq. Examples with a README file, essential.txt, and
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194 script.sh:
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195 </p>
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196 <pre>
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197 $ less -EM essential.txt
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198 or :
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199 $ more README
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200 or :
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201 $ cat /path/to/script.sh
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202 </pre>
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203 <p>
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204 Display a text or html file with the web browser Retawq:
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205 </p>
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206 <pre>
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207 $ retawq /usr/share/doc/index.html
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208 </pre>
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209
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210 <a name="edit"></a>
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211 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Edit files</font></h3>
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212 <p>
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213 Editing text files, scripts, configuration files, etc, can be done easily using
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214 the text editor GNU Nano in a console or graphical terminal.
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215 Example with a file bookmarks.html (<Ctrl+X> to quit
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216 and save):
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217 </p>
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218 <pre>
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219 $ nano Public/bookmarks.html
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220 </pre>
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221
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222 <a name="cat"></a>
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223 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Cat</font></h3>
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224 <p>
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225 You can use the <code>cat</code> command to create various text files. EOF signifies
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226 End Of File, this is where the file ends. Example with a file packages.list, this
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227 removes the current contents of the file and lets you add some new text:
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228 </p>
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229 <pre>
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230 $ cat > packages.list << "EOF"
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231 The text...
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232 and more text
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233
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234 EOF
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235 </pre>
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236 <p>
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237 To append to the following text file, put two greater than signs
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238 (>>) after <code>cat</code>, example:
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239 </p>
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240 <pre>
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241 $ cat >> packages.list << "EOF"
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242 The text...
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243
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244 EOF
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245 </pre>
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246
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247 <a name="web-nav"></a>
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248 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Navigate the web</font></h3>
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249 <p>
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250 Surf the web quickly and simply with the 'retawq' text-mode web browser.
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251 Note that you can also use the local browser. You can then navigate easily
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252 with the arrows on your keyboard - links are colored blue and can be
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253 followed by pressing <ENTER>:
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254 </p>
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255 <pre>
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256 $ retawq http://www.slitaz.org/en
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257 or :
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258 $ retawq http://localhost/
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259 </pre>
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260
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261 <a name="irc-chat"></a>
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262 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Talk on IRC</font></h3>
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263 <p>
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264 To discuss and transfer files via the many IRC servers available, SliTaz
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265 provides Rhapsody. The IRC client is simple, fast and lightweight, providing
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266 a pleasant, easy to handle ncurses configuration menu. To start the application
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267 from a terminal connecting to server (irc.toile-libre.org) and joining #slitaz:
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268 </p>
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269 <pre>
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270 $ rhapsody
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271 /connect irc.freenode.net
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272 /join #slitaz
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273 </pre>
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274 <a name="wget"></a>
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275 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Download files</font></h3>
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276 <p>
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277 To download various file formats on the internet, you have the <code>wget</code>
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278 command. To grab a simple html page, the contents of a folder or an entire
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279 website:
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280 </p>
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281 <pre>
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282 $ wget http://www.slitaz.org/en/doc/handbook/
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283 </pre>
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284
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285 <a name="partitions"></a>
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286 <h3><font color="#6c0023">List the available partitions</font></h3>
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287 <p>
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288 To list the partitions on an internal or external hard drive, you can use
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289 <code>cat</code> to display the contents of <code>/proc/partitions</code>
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290 or use the <code>fdisk</code> utility with the <code>-l</code> option
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291 meaning <em>list</em>. You can then mount the individual partition(s)
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292 that you want to use:
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293 </p>
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294 <pre>
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295 $ cat /proc/partitions
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296 or :
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297 # fdisk -l
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298 </pre>
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299
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300 <a name="mount"></a>
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301 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Mount a partition, CD or USB drive</font></h3>
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302 <p>
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303 To mount a local partition in the SliTaz filesystem, we recommend you use
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304 the /mnt directory. Example creating the necessary directory and mounting
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305 the <code>hda6</code> partition of the first local hard drive on /mnt/hda6:
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306 </p>
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307 <pre>
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308 # mkdir -p /mnt/hda6
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309 # mount -t ext3 /dev/hda6 /mnt/hda6
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310 </pre>
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311 <p>
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312 SliTaz functions in RAM, you can mount the same cdrom or remove it
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313 to mount another (/dev/cdrom is a link to the first cdrom drive).
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314 Note that a cdrom is a removable medium and should be
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315 mounted on /media:
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316 </p>
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317 <pre>
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318 # mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
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319 </pre>
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320 <p>
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321 To mount a USB or flash drive you must specify the proper filesystem.
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322 Normally a USB key is formatted in FAT32 which can be read from GNU/Linux
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323 and Windows operating systems. On a GNU/Linux system is it generally
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324 recognized as the sda1 device - we now prepare a link <code>sda1</code> on
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325 <code>flash</code> to facilitate the task. Note it is also a removable medium
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326 and should be mounted on /media:
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327 </p>
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328 <pre>
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329 # mount -t vfat /dev/flash /media/flash
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330 </pre>
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331
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332 <a name="halt"></a>
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333 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Turn off the system or restart</font></h3>
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334 <p>
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335 To stop or restart SliTaz, you can use the <code>halt</code> or <code>reboot</code>
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336 commands or the <Ctrl+Alt+Delete> key combination which enables a
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337 system reboot. In case of any problems you can use the <code>-f</code>
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338 option signifing <em>forced</em>:
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339 </p>
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340 <pre>
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341 # halt
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342 To restart :
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343 # reboot
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344 Or :
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345 # reboot -f
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346 </pre>
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347
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348 <!-- End of content -->
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349 </div>
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350
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351 <!-- Footer. -->
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352 <div id="footer">
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353 <div class="footer-right"></div>
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354 <a href="cmdline.html#top">Top of the page</a> |
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355 <a href="index.html">Table of contents</a>
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356 </div>
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357
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358 <div id="copy">
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359 Copyright © 2008 <a href="http://www.slitaz.org/en/">SliTaz</a> -
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360 <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a>;<br />
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361 Documentation is under
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362 <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a>
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363 and code is <a href="http://validator.w3.org/">valid xHTML 1.0</a>.
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364 </div>
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365
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366 </body>
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367 </html>
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368
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